If you’re diving into electronics projects, you’ve probably encountered Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM), especially when controlling motors or LEDs. The concept of PWM can seem complex, but in simple terms, it’s just a way of controlling the power supplied to a device by switching it on and off rapidly. The more on-time (duty cycle) the device gets, the brighter the LED or faster the motor turns.

The Problem :

For example, if you’re using a MOSFET to control the brightness of an LED, you might notice it flickers or doesn’t perform as expected. This could be due to improper PWM settings or the MOSFET not switching at the correct frequency.

The Solution :

To fix this, you can adjust the PWM frequency to match the device’s specifications. For instance, LEDs typically work best with a PWM frequency of around 1 kHz, while motors may require lower frequencies. A good MOSFET like this one will allow smoother control and better efficiency.

Practical Example :

Let’s say you’re controlling a motor with a 5V MOSFET. If the PWM duty cycle is set at 50%, the motor receives power for half of each cycle. To calculate the power delivered to the motor, you simply multiply the voltage by the duty cycle:
Power = Voltage × Duty Cycle = 5V × 0.5 = 2.5W.
This ensures you’re not overloading your components.

Sample Calculation :

Power = Voltage × Duty Cycle
Power = 5V × 0.5 = 2.5W

This means the motor is getting 2.5 watts of power on average, even though the full 5V isn’t being applied continuously.

By adjusting the duty cycle, you can control how much power the motor receives and, therefore, its speed.

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