Abstract:

Transformer Overheat Detection System circuit is presented here is based on the readily available NTC, comparator IC LM393 and relay. The NTC is used as the temperature detector while IC LM393 used as comparator. In the absence of heat, no rise in temperature of the temperature sensor. As a result temperature sensor stop conducting and LED stays off. However, when temperature rises of the temperature sensor NTC starts conducting and LED glows and buzzer turns ON.

Application of the circuit:

Most of the NTC based circuits available in market use one or another kind of NTC which increases the cost and also require complicated circuitry around it. But this NTC based circuit uses readily available NTC as light detector. The functioning of this Transformer Overheat Detection System circuit is to detect temperature and automatically activate the LED and buzzer with increase in temperature. LED glows and buzzer sound continuously indicating the increase in temperature of NTC.

Why this particular circuit:

NTC used here as a temperature detector. The variation in temperature wanted can be easily done placing solder gun near to NTC. The circuit operates normally over a DC voltage of 5V which can be obtained by DC supply cable.

Explained working of circuit:

The basic idea behind the circuit operation is to turn ON LED and buzzer when there is temperature rise. The NTC is needed for this purpose. NTC is thermistor. It is heat sensitive resistor element of which resistor value rapidly decreases with increase in temperature. Here, Transformer Overheat Detection System circuit works as temperature detector while NTC working as temperature sensor that glows LED and turn ON the buzzer. IC LM393 is used as comparator. NTC output is connected as input to comparator. Pin no. 4 of LM393 is pulled towards ground. Relay is used as a switch. When relay is activated, normally closed contact becomes open and normally open contact becomes closed. In normal condition, NTC temperature is low and LED and buzzer stays off. Now consider second scenario when temperature rises, the LED glows and buzzer turns ON.

How to build:

First of all read the given manual thoroughly and study the circuit given in the figure. Also have look at PCB and components supplied along with the kit. Each component has to be soldered in its position on PCB.

Identification of resistors is done by color coding. The color band on each resistor corresponds to its exact value.

There are different methods in which values are defined on capacitors. But usually values are specified numerically on them.

Can you make out the whole working of circuit and are you able to identify each component separately as to where each of them has to be placed

If yes only then proceed further to actually mounting and soldering the parts.

Not ICs but their sockets are to be soldered on PCB. This is to make mounting and dismounting of ICs easy while troubleshooting.

Start from left most corner of PCB and solder the components one by one on their correct position on PCB.

Before soldering any component see that you have placed it at its right position and with correct polarity. Give due attention to diodes and electrolytic capacitors as they are polarity dependent.

Do the soldering of other components in the same way while keeping in mind that components with long and sensitive leads like capacitors and transistors are soldered last.

Testing the kit:

After assembling and soldering of components on PCB, connect external DC power source of 5V.

For testing purpose manually hold solder gun close to NTC. LED glows and buzzer sound in this case.

Now set the desired intensity at which you want detection of light. This can be done by changing the resistive value of R2 variable resistor.

Install the unit at ceiling of room.

ICs used here:

The only IC used here is LM393

It is dual differential comparator IC.

This 8 pin IC is popular and commonly used IC

Part List:

Semiconductors

U1 – LM393

Base – 8 pin

Resistors(all watt +/-5% carbon unless stated otherwise)

R2 – 10k Ohm(variable)

R3 – 1k Ohm

R4 – 1k Ohm

R5 – 10k Ohm

R6 – 10k Ohm

Capacitor

C1 – 1uF

Miscellaneous

D4: – NTC

D1: – Red LED

D2: – Green LED

5 V USB Cable

PCB

Buzzer

Key Applications: Used widely in electronic circuits, automation, robotics, and educational projects. Optimized for reliable performance in India-specific environments and conditions.

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Applications: Suitable for electronics projects, automation, and educational purposes. Widely used in Indian and international markets.

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